Web Standards

In her Using AI to Streamline Personas and Journey Map Creation talk at UXPA Boston, Kyle Soucy shared how UX researchers can effectively use AI for personas and journey maps while maintaining research integrity. Here are my notes from her talk:

• Proto-personas help teams align on assumptions before research. Calling them "assumptions-based personas" helps teams understand research is still needed
• For proto-personas, use documented assumptions, anecdotal evidence, and market research
• Research-based personas are based on actual ethnographic research and insights from transcripts, surveys, analytics, etc.
• Decide on persona sections yourself - this is the researcher's job, not AI's. every element should have a purpose and be relevant to understanding the user
• Upload data to your Gen AI tool - most tools accept various file formats
• Different AI tools have different security levels. Be aware of your organization's stance on data privacy
• Use behavior prompts to get richer information about users, such as "When users encounter X, what do they typically do?"
• For proto-personas: Ask AI to generate research questions to validate assumptions
• For research-based personas: Request day-in-the-life narratives
• Every element on a persona should have a purpose. If it's not helping your design team understand or empathize with users better, it doesn't belong
• Researchers determine journey map elements (stages, information needed)
• AI helps fill in the content based on research data
• Include clear definitions of terms in your prompts (e.g., "jobs to be done")
• Ask AI to label assumptions when data is incomplete to identify research gaps
• Don't rely on AI for generating opportunities, this requires team effort
• AI is a tool for efficiency, not a replacement for UX researchers. The only way to keep AI from taking your job is to use it to do your job better
• Garbage in, garbage out - biases in your data will be amplified
• AI tools hallucinate information - know your data well enough to spot inaccuracies
• Don't use AI for generating opportunities or solutions - this requires team expertise

In his Designing Humane Experiences: 5 Lessons from History's Greatest Innovation talk at UXPA Boston, Darrell Penta explored how the Korean alphabet (Hangul), created by King Sejong 600 years ago, exemplifies humane, user-centered design principles that remain relevant today. Here's my notes from his talk:

• Humane design shows compassion, kindness, and a concern for the suffering or well-being of others, even when such behavior is neither required nor expected
When we approach design with compassion and concern for others' well-being, we unlock our ability to create innovative experiences
• In 15th century Korea (and most historical societies), literacy was restricted to elites
• Learning to read and write Chinese characters (used in Korea at that time) took years of dedicated study something common people couldn't afford
• King Sejong created an entirely new alphabet rather than adapting an existing one. There's ben only four instances in history of writing systems were invented independently. most are adaptations of existing systems

Korean Alphabet Innovations

• Letters use basic geometric forms (lines, circles, squares) making them visually distinct and easier to learn
• Consonants and vowels have clearly different visual treatments, unlike in English where nothing in the letter shapes indicates their class
• The shapes of consonants reflect how the mouth forms those sounds: the shape of closed lips, the tongue position behind teeth, etc.
• Sound features are mapped to visual features in a consistent way. base shapes represent basic sounds. Additional strokes represent additional sound features
• Letters are arranged in syllable blocks, making the syllable count visible
• Alphabet was designed for the technology of the time (brush and ink)
• Provided comprehensive documentation explaining the system
• Created with flexibility to be written in multiple directions (horizontally or vertically)
5 Lessons for Designers
1. Be Principled and Predictable: Develop clear, consistent design principles and apply them systematically
2. Prioritize Information Architecture: Don't treat it as an afterthought
3. Embrace Constraints: View limitations as opportunities for innovation
4. Design with Compassion: Consider the broader social impact of your design
5. Empower Users: Create solutions that provide access and opportunity

In her Using AI to Streamline Personas and Journey Map Creation talk at UXPA Boston, Kyle Soucy shared how UX researchers can effectively use AI for personas and journey maps while maintaining research integrity. Here are my notes from her talk:

• Proto-personas help teams align on assumptions before research. Calling them "assumptions-based personas" helps teams understand research is still needed
• For proto-personas, use documented assumptions, anecdotal evidence, and market research
• Research-based personas are based on actual ethnographic research and insights from transcripts, surveys, analytics, etc.
• Decide on persona sections yourself - this is the researcher's job, not AI's. every element should have a purpose and be relevant to understanding the user
• Upload data to your Gen AI tool - most tools accept various file formats
• Different AI tools have different security levels. Be aware of your organization's stance on data privacy
• Use behavior prompts to get richer information about users, such as "When users encounter X, what do they typically do?"
• For proto-personas: Ask AI to generate research questions to validate assumptions
• For research-based personas: Request day-in-the-life narratives
• Every element on a persona should have a purpose. If it's not helping your design team understand or empathize with users better, it doesn't belong
• Researchers determine journey map elements (stages, information needed)
• AI helps fill in the content based on research data
• Include clear definitions of terms in your prompts (e.g., "jobs to be done")
• Ask AI to label assumptions when data is incomplete to identify research gaps
• Don't rely on AI for generating opportunities, this requires team effort
• AI is a tool for efficiency, not a replacement for UX researchers. The only way to keep AI from taking your job is to use it to do your job better
• Garbage in, garbage out - biases in your data will be amplified
• AI tools hallucinate information - know your data well enough to spot inaccuracies
• Don't use AI for generating opportunities or solutions - this requires team expertise

In his Designing Humane Experiences: 5 Lessons from History's Greatest Innovation talk at UXPA Boston, Darrell Penta explored how the Korean alphabet (Hangul), created by King Sejong 600 years ago, exemplifies humane, user-centered design principles that remain relevant today. Here's my notes from his talk:

• Humane design shows compassion, kindness, and a concern for the suffering or well-being of others, even when such behavior is neither required nor expected
When we approach design with compassion and concern for others' well-being, we unlock our ability to create innovative experiences
• In 15th century Korea (and most historical societies), literacy was restricted to elites
• Learning to read and write Chinese characters (used in Korea at that time) took years of dedicated study something common people couldn't afford
• King Sejong created an entirely new alphabet rather than adapting an existing one. There's ben only four instances in history of writing systems were invented independently. most are adaptations of existing systems

Korean Alphabet Innovations

• Letters use basic geometric forms (lines, circles, squares) making them visually distinct and easier to learn
• Consonants and vowels have clearly different visual treatments, unlike in English where nothing in the letter shapes indicates their class
• The shapes of consonants reflect how the mouth forms those sounds: the shape of closed lips, the tongue position behind teeth, etc.
• Sound features are mapped to visual features in a consistent way. base shapes represent basic sounds. Additional strokes represent additional sound features
• Letters are arranged in syllable blocks, making the syllable count visible
• Alphabet was designed for the technology of the time (brush and ink)
• Provided comprehensive documentation explaining the system
• Created with flexibility to be written in multiple directions (horizontally or vertically)
5 Lessons for Designers
1. Be Principled and Predictable: Develop clear, consistent design principles and apply them systematically
2. Prioritize Information Architecture: Don't treat it as an afterthought
3. Embrace Constraints: View limitations as opportunities for innovation
4. Design with Compassion: Consider the broader social impact of your design
5. Empower Users: Create solutions that provide access and opportunity

In his presentation Bridging AI and Human Expertise at UXPA Boston 2025, Stewart Smith shared insights on designing expert systems that effectively bridge artificial intelligence and human expertise. Here are my notes from his talk:

• Expert systems simulate human expert decision-making to solve complex problems like GPS routing and supply chain planning
• Key components include knowledge base, inference engine, user interface, explanation facility, and knowledge acquisition
• Traditional systems were rule-based, but AI is transforming them with machine learning for pattern recognition
• The explanation facility justifies conclusions by answering "why" and "how" questions
• Trust is the cornerstone of system adoption. if people don't trust your system, they won't use it
• Explainability must be designed into the system from the beginning to trace key decisions
• The "black box problem" occurs when you know inputs and outputs but can't see inner workings
• High-stakes domains like finance or healthcare require greater explainability
• Aim for balance between under-reliance (missed opportunities) and over-reliance (atrophied skills) on AI
• Over-reliance creates false security when users habitually approve system recommendations
• Human experts remain essential for catching bad data feeds or biased data
• Present AI as augmentation to decision-making, not replacement
• Provide confidence scores or indicators of the system's certainty level
• Ensure users can adjust and override AI recommendations where necessary
• Present AI insights within existing workflows that match expert mental models
• Clearly differentiate between human and AI-generated insights
• Training significantly increases AI literacy—people who haven't used AI often underestimate it
• Highlight success stories and provide social proof of AI's benefits
• Focus on automating routine decisions to give people more time for complex tasks
• Trust is the foundation of AI adoption.
• Explainability is a spectrum and must be balanced with performance.
• UX plays a critical role in bridging AI capabilities and human expertise.

I recently updated my portfolio at johnrhea.com. (If you’re looking to add a CSS or front-end engineer with storytelling and animation skills to your team, I’m your guy.) I liked the look of a series of planets I’d created for another personal project and decided to reuse them on my new site. Part of that was also reusing an animation I’d built circa 2019, where a moon orbited around the planet.

Initially, I just plopped the animations into the new site, only changing the units (em units to viewport units using some complicated math that I was very, very proud of) so that they would scale properly because I’m… efficient with my time. However, on mobile, the planet would move up a few pixels and down a few pixels as the moons orbited around it. I suspected the plopped-in animation was the culprit (it wasn’t, but at least I got some optimized animation and an article out of the deal).

Here’s the original animation:

CodePen Embed Fallback

My initial animation for the moon ran for 60 seconds. I’m folding it inside a disclosure widget because, at 141 lines, it’s stupid long (and, as we’ll see, emphasis on the stupid). Here it is in all its “glory”:

Open code #moon1 { animation: moon-one 60s infinite; } @keyframes moon-one { 0% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 5% { transform: translate(-3.51217391vw, 3.50608696vw) scale(1.5); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 9.9% { z-index: 2; } 10% { transform: translate(-5.01043478vw, 6.511304348vw) scale(1); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 15% { transform: translate(1.003478261vw, 2.50608696vw) scale(0.25); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 19.9% { z-index: -1; } 20% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 25% { transform: translate(-3.51217391vw, 3.50608696vw) scale(1.5); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 29.9% { z-index: 2; } 30% { transform: translate(-5.01043478vw, 6.511304348vw) scale(1); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 35% { transform: translate(1.003478261vw, 2.50608696vw) scale(0.25); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 39.9% { z-index: -1; } 40% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 45% { transform: translate(-3.51217391vw, 3.50608696vw) scale(1.5); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 49.9% { z-index: 2; } 50% { transform: translate(-5.01043478vw, 6.511304348vw) scale(1); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 55% { transform: translate(1.003478261vw, 2.50608696vw) scale(0.25); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 59.9% { z-index: -1; } 60% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 65% { transform: translate(-3.51217391vw, 3.50608696vw) scale(1.5); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 69.9% { z-index: 2; } 70% { transform: translate(-5.01043478vw, 6.511304348vw) scale(1); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 75% { transform: translate(1.003478261vw, 2.50608696vw) scale(0.25); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 79.9% { z-index: -1; } 80% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 85% { transform: translate(-3.51217391vw, 3.50608696vw) scale(1.5); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 89.9% { z-index: 2; } 90% { transform: translate(-5.01043478vw, 6.511304348vw) scale(1); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 95% { transform: translate(1.003478261vw, 2.50608696vw) scale(0.25); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 99.9% { z-index: -1; } 100% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } }

If you look at the keyframes in that code, you’ll notice that the 0% to 20% keyframes are exactly the same as 20% to 40% and so on up through 100%. Why I decided to repeat the keyframes five times infinitely instead of just repeating one set infinitely is a decision lost to antiquity, like six years ago in web time. We can also drop the duration to 12 seconds (one-fifth of sixty) if we were doing our due diligence.

I could thus delete everything from 20% on, instantly dropping the code down to 36 lines. And yes, I realize gains like this are unlikely to be possible on most sites, but this is the first step for optimizing things.

#moon1 { animation: moon-one 12s infinite; } @keyframes moon-one { 0% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 5% { transform: translate(-3.51217391vw, 3.50608696vw) scale(1.5); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 9.9% { z-index: 2; } 10% { transform: translate(-5.01043478vw, 6.511304348vw) scale(1); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 15% { transform: translate(1.003478261vw, 2.50608696vw) scale(0.25); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 19.9% { z-index: -1; } 20% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } }

Now that we’ve gotten rid of 80% of the overwhelming bits, we can see that there are five main keyframes and two additional ones that set the z-index close to the middle and end of the animation (these prevent the moon from dropping behind the planet or popping out from behind the planet too early). We can change these five points from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (and since the 0% and the former 20% are the same, we can remove that one, too). Also, since the 10% keyframe above is switching to 50%, the 9.9% keyframe can move to 49.9%, and the 19.9% keyframe can switch to 99.9%, giving us this:

#moon1 { animation: moon-one 12s infinite; } @keyframes moon-one { 0%, 100% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 25% { transform: translate(-3.51217391vw, 3.50608696vw) scale(1.5); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 49.9% { z-index: 2; } 50% { transform: translate(-5.01043478vw, 6.511304348vw) scale(1); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 75% { transform: translate(1.003478261vw, 2.50608696vw) scale(0.25); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 99.9% { z-index: -1; } }

Though I was very proud of myself for my math wrangling, numbers like -3.51217391vw are really, really unnecessary. If a screen was one thousand pixels wide, -3.51217391vw would be 35.1217391 pixels. No one ever needs to go down to the precision of a ten-millionth of a pixel. So, let’s round everything to the tenth place (and if it’s a 0, we’ll just drop it). We can also skip z-index in the 75% and 25% keyframes since it doesn’t change.

Here’s where that gets us in the code:

#moon1 { animation: moon-one 12s infinite; } @keyframes moon-one { 0%, 100% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 25% { transform: translate(-3.5vw, 3.5vw) scale(1.5); z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 49.9% { z-index: 2; } 50% { transform: translate(-5vw, 6.5vw) scale(1); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 75% { transform: translate(1vw, 2.5vw) scale(0.25); z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 99.9% { z-index: -1; } }

After all our changes, the animation still looks pretty close to what it was before, only way less code:

CodePen Embed Fallback

One of the things I don’t like about this animation is that the moon kind of turns at its zenith when it crosses the planet. It would be much better if it traveled in a straight line from the upper right to the lower left. However, we also need it to get a little larger, as if the moon is coming closer to us in its orbit. Because both translation and scaling were done in the transform property, I can’t translate and scale the moon independently.

If we skip either one in the transform property, it resets the one we skipped, so I’m forced to guess where the mid-point should be so that I can set the scale I need. One way I’ve solved this in the past is to add a wrapping element, then apply scale to one element and translate to the other. However, now that we have individual scale and translate properties, a better way is to separate them from the transform property and use them as separate properties. Separating out the translation and scaling shouldn’t change anything, unless the original order they were declared on the transform property was different than the order of the singular properties.

#moon1 { animation: moon-one 12s infinite; } @keyframes moon-one { 0%, 100% { translate: 0 0; scale: 1; z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 25% { translate: -3.5vw 3.5vw; z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 49.9% { z-index: 2; } 50% { translate: -5vw 6.5vw; scale: 1; z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 75% { translate: 1vw 2.5vw; scale: 0.25; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 99.9% { z-index: -1; } }

Now that we can separate the scale and translate properties and use them independently, we can drop the translate property in the 25% and 75% keyframes because we don’t want them placed precisely in that keyframe. We want the browser’s interpolation to take care of that for us so that it translates smoothly while scaling.

#moon1 { animation: moon-one 12s infinite; } @keyframes moon-one { 0%, 100% { translate: 0 0; scale: 1; z-index: 2; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 25% { scale: 1.5; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 49.9% { z-index: 2; } 50% { translate: -5vw 6.5vw; scale: 1; z-index: -1; animation-timing-function: ease-in; } 75% { scale: 0.25; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } 99.9% { z-index: -1; } } CodePen Embed Fallback

Lastly, those different timing functions don’t make a lot of sense anymore because we’ve got the browser working for us, and if we use an ease-in-out timing function on everything, then it should do exactly what we want.

#moon1 { animation: moon-one 12s infinite ease-in-out; } @keyframes moon-one { 0%, 100% { translate: 0 0; scale: 1; z-index: 2; } 25% { scale: 1.5; } 49.9% { z-index: 2; } 50% { translate: -5vw 6.5vw; scale: 1; z-index: -1; } 75% { scale: 0.25; } 99.9% { z-index: -1; } } CodePen Embed Fallback

And there you go: 141 lines down to 28, and I think the animation looks even better than before. It will certainly be easier to maintain, that’s for sure.

But what do you think? Was there an optimization step I missed? Let me know in the comments.

Orbital Mechanics (or How I Optimized a CSS Keyframes Animation) originally published on CSS-Tricks, which is part of the DigitalOcean family. You should get the newsletter.

Last week Krijn and I decided to cancel performance.now() 2021. Although it was the right decision it leaves me in financially fairly dire straits. So I’m looking for new jobs and/or donations.

Even though the Corona trends in NL look good, and we could probably have brought 350 people together in November, we cannot be certain: there might be a new flare-up. More serious is the fact that it’s very hard to figure out how to apply the Corona checks Dutch government requires, especially for non-EU citizens. We couldn’t figure out how UK and US people should be tested, and for us that was the straw that broke the camel’s back. Cancelling the conference relieved us of a lot of stress.

Still, it also relieved me of a lot of money. This is the fourth conference in a row we cannot run, and I have burned through all my reserves. That’s why I thought I’d ask for help.

So ...

Has QuirksMode.org ever saved you a lot of time on a project? Did it advance your career? If so, now would be a great time to make a donation to show your appreciation.

I am trying my hand at CSS coaching. Though I had only few clients so far I found that I like it and would like to do it more. As an added bonus, because I’m still writing my CSS for JavaScripters book I currently have most of the CSS layout modules in my head and can explain them straight away — even stacking contexts.

Or if there’s any job you know of that requires a technical documentation writer with a solid knowledge of web technologies and the browser market, drop me a line. I’m interested.

Anyway, thanks for listening.

I’m writing the position: sticky part of my book, and since I never worked with sticky before I’m not totally sure if what I’m saying is correct.

This is made worse by the fact that there are no very clear tutorials on sticky. That’s partly because it works pretty intuitively in most cases, and partly because the details can be complicated.

So here’s my draft 1 of position: sticky. There will be something wrong with it; please correct me where needed.

The inset properties are top, right, bottom and left. (I already introduced this terminology earlier in the chapter.)

h3,h4,pre {clear: left} section.scroll-container { border: 1px solid black; width: 300px; height: 250px; padding: 1em; overflow: auto; --text: 'scroll box'; float: left; clear: left; margin-right: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; position: relative; font-size: 1.3rem; } .container,.outer-container { border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em; position: relative; --text: 'container'; } .outer-container { --text: 'outer container'; } :is(.scroll-container,.container,.outer-container):before { position: absolute; content: var(--text); top: 0.2em; left: 0.2em; font-size: 0.8rem; } section.scroll-container h2 { position: sticky; top: 0; background: white; margin: 0 !important; color: inherit !important; padding: 0.5em !important; border: 1px solid; font-size: 1.4rem !important; } .nowrap p { white-space: nowrap; } Introduction

position: sticky is a mix of relative and fixed. A sticky box takes its normal position in the flow, as if it had position: relative, but if that position scrolls out of view the sticky box remains in a position defined by its inset properties, as if it has position: fixed. A sticky box never escapes its container, though. If the container start or end scrolls past the sticky box abandons its fixed position and sticks to the top or the bottom of its container.

It is typically used to make sure that headers remain in view no matter how the user scrolls. It is also useful for tables on narrow screens: you can keep headers or the leftmost table cells in view while the user scrolls.

Scroll box and container

A sticky box needs a scroll box: a box that is able to scroll. By default this is the browser window — or, more correctly, the layout viewport — but you can define another scroll box by setting overflow on the desired element. The sticky box takes the first ancestor that could scroll as its scroll box and calculates all its coordinates relative to it.

A sticky box needs at least one inset property. These properties contain vital instructions, and if the sticky box doesn’t receive them it doesn’t know what to do.

A sticky box may also have a container: a regular HTML element that contains the sticky box. The sticky box will never be positioned outside this container, which thus serves as a constraint.

The first example shows this set-up. The sticky <h2> is in a perfectly normal <div>, its container, and that container is in a <section> that is the scroll box because it has overflow: auto. The sticky box has an inset property to provide instructions. The relevant styles are:

section.scroll-container { border: 1px solid black; width: 300px; height: 300px; overflow: auto; padding: 1em; } div.container { border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em; } section.scroll-container h2 { position: sticky; top: 0; } The rules Sticky header

Regular content

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Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

Now let’s see exactly what’s going on.

A sticky box never escapes its containing box. If it cannot obey the rules that follow without escaping from its container, it instead remains at the edge. Scroll down until the container disappears to see this in action.

A sticky box starts in its natural position in the flow, as if it has position: relative. It thus participates in the default flow: if it becomes higher it pushes the paragraphs below it downwards, just like any other regular HTML element. Also, the space it takes in the normal flow is kept open, even if it is currently in fixed position. Scroll down a little bit to see this in action: an empty space is kept open for the header.

A sticky box compares two positions: its natural position in the flow and its fixed position according to its inset properties. It does so in the coordinate frame of its scroll box. That is, any given coordinate such as top: 20px, as well as its default coordinates, is resolved against the content box of the scroll box. (In other words, the scroll box’s padding also constrains the sticky box; it will never move up into that padding.)

A sticky box with top takes the higher value of its top and its natural position in the flow, and positions its top border at that value. Scroll down slowly to see this in action: the sticky box starts at its natural position (let’s call it 20px), which is higher than its defined top (0). Thus it rests at its position in the natural flow. Scrolling up a few pixels doesn’t change this, but once its natural position becomes less than 0, the sticky box switches to a fixed layout and stays at that position.

The sticky box has bottom: 0

Regular content

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Sticky header

Content outside container

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Content outside container

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It does the same for bottom, but remember that a bottom is calculated relative to the scroll box’s bottom, and not its top. Thus, a larger bottom coordinate means the box is positioned more to the top. Now the sticky box compares its default bottom with the defined bottom and uses the higher value to position its bottom border, just as before.

With left, it uses the higher value of its natural position and to position its left border; with right, it does the same for its right border, bearing in mind once more that a higher right value positions the box more to the left.

If any of these steps would position the sticky box outside its containing box it takes the position that just barely keeps it within its containing box.

Details Sticky header

Very, very long line of content to stretch up the container quite a bit

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The four inset properties act independently of one another. For instance the following box will calculate the position of its top and left edge independently. They can be relative or fixed, depending on how the user scrolls.

p.testbox { position: sticky; top: 0; left: 0; }

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

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The sticky box has top: 0; bottom: 0

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Sticky header

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Content outside container

Content outside container

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Setting both a top and a bottom, or both a left and a right, gives the sticky box a bandwidth to move in. It will always attempt to obey all the rules described above. So the following box will vary between 0 from the top of the screen to 0 from the bottom, taking its default position in the flow between these two positions.

p.testbox { position: sticky; top: 0; bottom: 0; } No container

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Sticky header

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So far we put the sticky box in a container separate from the scroll box. But that’s not necessary. You can also make the scroll box itself the container if you wish. The sticky element is still positioned with respect to the scroll box (which is now also its container) and everything works fine.

Several containers Sticky header

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside outer container

Content outside outer container

Or the sticky item can be several containers removed from its scroll box. That’s fine as well; the positions are still calculated relative to the scroll box, and the sticky box will never leave its innermost container.

Changing the scroll box Sticky header

The container has overflow: auto.

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

One feature that catches many people (including me) unaware is giving the container an overflow: auto or hidden. All of a sudden it seems the sticky header doesn’t work any more.

What’s going on here? An overflow value of auto, hidden, or scroll makes an element into a scroll box. So now the sticky box’s scroll box is no longer the outer element, but the inner one, since that is now the closest ancestor that is able to scroll.

The sticky box appears to be static, but it isn’t. The crux here is that the scroll box could scroll, thanks to its overflow value, but doesn’t actually do so because we didn’t give it a height, and therefore it stretches up to accomodate all of its contents.

Thus we have a non-scrolling scroll box, and that is the root cause of our problems.

As before, the sticky box calculates its position by comparing its natural position relative to its scroll box with the one given by its inset properties. Point is: the sticky box doesn’t scroll relative to its scroll box, so its position always remains the same. Where in earlier examples the position of the sticky element relative to the scroll box changed when we scrolled, it no longer does so, because the scroll box doesn’t scroll. Thus there is no reason for it to switch to fixed positioning, and it stays where it is relative to its scroll box.

The fact that the scroll box itself scrolls upward is irrelevant; this doesn’t influence the sticky box in the slightest.

Sticky header

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Regular content

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

Content outside container

One solution is to give the new scroll box a height that is too little for its contents. Now the scroll box generates a scrollbar and becomes a scrolling scroll box. When we scroll it the position of the sticky box relative to its scroll box changes once more, and it switches from fixed to relative or vice versa as required.

Minor items

Finally a few minor items:

• It is no longer necessary to use position: -webkit-sticky. All modern browsers support regular position: sticky. (But if you need to cater to a few older browsers, retaining the double syntax doesn’t hurt.)
• Chrome (Mac) does weird things to the borders of the sticky items in these examples. I don’t know what’s going on and am not going to investigate.

Safari is holding back the web. It is the new IE, after all. In contrast, Chrome is pushing the web forward so hard that it’s starting to break. Meanwhile web developers do nothing except moan and complain. The only thing left to do is to pick our poison.

blockquote { font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; } blockquote p { font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; } Safari is the new IE

Recently there was yet another round of “Safari is the new IE” stories. Once Jeremy’s summary and a short discussion cleared my mind I finally figured out that Safari is not IE, and that Safari’s IE-or-not-IE is not the worst problem the web is facing.

Perry Sun argues that for developers, Safari is crap and outdated, emulating the old IE of fifteen years ago in this respect. He also repeats the theory that Apple is deliberately starving Safari of features in order to protect the app store, and thus its bottom line. We’ll get back to that.

The allegation that Safari is holding back web development by its lack of support for key features is not new, but it’s not true, either. Back fifteen years ago IE held back the web because web developers had to cater to its outdated technology stack. “Best viewed with IE” and all that. But do you ever see a “Best viewed with Safari” notice? No, you don’t. Another browser takes that special place in web developers’ hearts and minds.

Chrome is the new IE, but in reverse

Jorge Arango fears we’re going back to the bad old days with “Best viewed in Chrome.” Chris Krycho reinforces this by pointing out that, even though Chrome is not the standard, it’s treated as such by many web developers.

“Best viewed in Chrome” squares very badly with “Safari is the new IE.” Safari’s sad state does not force web developers to restrict themselves to Safari-supported features, so it does not hold the same position as IE.

So I propose to lay this tired old meme to rest. Safari is not the new IE. If anything it’s the new Netscape 4.

Meanwhile it is Chrome that is the new IE, but in reverse.

Break the web forward

Back in the day, IE was accused of an embrace, extend, and extinguish strategy. After IE6 Microsoft did nothing for ages, assuming it had won the web. Thanks to web developers taking action in their own name for the first (and only) time, IE was updated once more and the web moved forward again.

Google learned from Microsoft’s mistakes and follows a novel embrace, extend, and extinguish strategy by breaking the web and stomping on the bits. Who cares if it breaks as long as we go forward. And to hell with backward compatibility.

Back in 2015 I proposed to stop pushing the web forward, and as expected the Chrome devrels were especially outraged at this idea. It never went anywhere. (Truth to tell: I hadn’t expected it to.)

I still think we should stop pushing the web forward for a while until we figure out where we want to push the web forward to — but as long as Google is in charge that won’t happen. It will only get worse.

On alert

A blog storm broke out over the decision to remove alert(), confirm() and prompt(), first only the cross-origin variants, but eventually all of them. Jeremy and Chris Coyier already summarised the situation, while Rich Harris discusses the uses of the three ancient modals, especially when it comes to learning JavaScript.

With all these articles already written I will only note that, if the three ancient modals are truly as horrendous a security issue as Google says they are it took everyone a bloody long time to figure that out. I mean, they turn 25 this year.

Although it appears Firefox and Safari are on board with at least the cross-origin part of the proposal, there is no doubt that it’s Google that leads the charge.

From Google’s perspective the ancient modals have one crucial flaw quite apart from their security model: they weren’t invented there. That’s why they have to be replaced by — I don’t know what, but it will likely be a very complicated API.

Complex systems and arrogant priests rule the web

Thus the new embrace, extend, and extinguish is breaking backward compatibility in order to make the web more complicated. Nolan Lawson puts it like this:

we end up with convoluted specs like Service Worker that you need a PhD to understand, and yet we still don't have a working <dialog> element.

In addition, Google can be pretty arrogant and condescending, as Chris Ferdinandi points out.

The condescending “did you actually read it, it’s so clear” refrain is patronizing AF. It’s the equivalent of “just” or “simply” in developer documentation.

I read it. I didn’t understand it. That’s why I asked someone whose literal job is communicating with developers about changes Chrome makes to the platform.

This is not isolated to one developer at Chrome. The entire message thread where this change was surfaced is filled with folks begging Chrome not to move forward with this proposal because it will break all-the-things.

If you write documentation or a technical article and nobody understands it, you’ve done a crappy job. I should know; I’ve been writing this stuff for twenty years.

Extend, embrace, extinguish. And use lots of difficult words.

Patience is a virtue

As a reaction to web dev outcry Google temporarily halted the breaking of the web. That sounds great but really isn’t. It’s just a clever tactical move.

I saw this tactic in action before. Back in early 2016 Google tried to break the de-facto standard for the mobile visual viewport that I worked very hard to establish. I wrote a piece that resonated with web developers, whose complaints made Google abandon the plan — temporarily. They tried again in late 2017, and I again wrote an article, but this time around nobody cared and the changes took effect and backward compatibility was broken.

So the three ancient modals still have about 12 to 18 months to live. Somewhere in late 2022 to early 2023 Google will try again, web developers will be silent, and the modals will be gone.

The pursuit of appiness

But why is Google breaking the web forward at such a pace? And why is Apple holding it back?

Safari is kept dumb to protect the app store and thus revenue. In contrast, the Chrome team is pushing very hard to port every single app functionality to the browser. Ages ago I argued we should give up on this, but of course no one listened.

When performing Valley Kremlinology, it is useful to see Google policies as stemming from a conflict between internal pro-web and anti-web factions. We web developers mainly deal with the pro-web faction, the Chrome devrel and browser teams. On the other hand, the Android team is squarely in the anti-web camp.

When seen in this light the pro-web camp’s insistence on copying everything appy makes excellent sense: if they didn’t Chrome would lag behind apps and the Android anti-web camp would gain too much power. While I prefer the pro-web over the anti-web camp, I would even more prefer the web not to be a pawn in an internal Google power struggle. But it has come to that, no doubt about it.

Solutions?

Is there any good solution? Not really.

Jim Nielsen feels that part of the issue is the lack of representation of web developers in the standardization process. That sounds great but is proven not to work.

Three years ago Fronteers and I attempted to get web developers represented and were met with absolute disinterest. Nobody else cared even one shit, and the initiative sank like a stone.

So a hypothetical web dev representative in W3C is not going to work. Also, the organisational work would involve a lot of unpaid labour, and I, for one, am not willing to do it again. Neither is anyone else. So this is not the solution.

And what about Firefox? Well, what about it? Ten years ago it made a disastrous mistake by ignoring the mobile web for way too long, then it attempted an arrogant and uninformed come-back with Firefox OS that failed, and its history from that point on is one long slide into obscurity. That’s what you get with shitty management.

Pick your poison

So Safari is trying to slow the web down. With Google’s move-fast-break-absofuckinglutely-everything axiom in mind, is Safari’s approach so bad?

Regardless of where you feel the web should be on this spectrum between Google and Apple, there is a fundamental difference between the two.

We have the tools and procedures to manage Safari’s disinterest. They’re essentially the same as the ones we deployed against Microsoft back in the day — though a fundamental difference is that Microsoft was willing to talk while Apple remains its old haughty self, and its “devrels” aren’t actually allowed to do devrelly things such as managing relations with web developers. (Don’t blame them, by the way. If something would ever change they’re going to be our most valuable internal allies — just as the IE team was back in the day.)

On the other hand, we have no process for countering Google’s reverse embrace, extend, and extinguish strategy, since a section of web devs will be enthusiastic about whatever the newest API is. Also, Google devrels talk. And talk. And talk. And provide gigs of data that are hard to make sense of. And refer to their proprietary algorithms that “clearly” show X is in the best interest of the web — and don’t ask questions! And make everything so fucking complicated that we eventually give up and give in.

So pick your poison. Shall we push the web forward until it’s broken, or shall we break it by inaction? What will it be? Privately, my money is on Google. So we should say goodbye to the old web while we still can.

You’re reading a failed article. I hoped to write about @property and how it is useful for extending CSS inheritance considerably in many different circumstances. Alas, I failed. @property turns out to be very useful for font sizes, but does not even approach the general applicability I hoped for.

Grandparent-inheriting

It all started when I commented on what I thought was an interesting but theoretical idea by Lea Verou: what if elements could inherit the font size of not their parent, but their grandparent? Something like this:

div.grandparent { /* font-size could be anything */ } div.parent { font-size: 0.4em; } div.child { font-size: [inherit from grandparent in some sort of way]; font-size: [yes, you could do 2.5em to restore the grandparent's font size]; font-size: [but that's not inheriting, it's just reversing a calculation]; font-size: [and it will not work if the parent's font size is also unknown]; }

Lea told me this wasn’t a vague idea, but something that can be done right now. I was quite surprised — and I assume many of my readers are as well — and asked for more information. So she wrote Inherit ancestor font-size, for fun and profit, where she explained how the new Houdini @property can be used to do this.

This was seriously cool. Also, I picked up a few interesting bits about how CSS custom properties and Houdini @property work. I decided to explain these tricky bits in simple terms — mostly because I know that by writing an explanation I myself will understand them better — and to suggest other possibilities for using Lea’s idea.

Alas, that last objective is where I failed. Lea’s idea can only be used for font sizes. That’s an important use case, but I had hoped for more. The reasons why it doesn’t work elsewhere are instructive, though.

Tokens and values

Let’s consider CSS custom properties. What if we store the grandparent’s font size in a custom property and use that in the child?

div.grandparent { /* font-size could be anything */ --myFontSize: 1em; } div.parent { font-size: 0.4em; } div.child { font-size: var(--myFontSize); /* hey, that's the grandparent's font size, isn't it? */ }

This does not work. The child will have the same font size as the parent, and ignore the grandparent. In order to understand why we need to understand how custom properties work. What does this line of CSS do?

--myFontSize: 1em;

It sets a custom property that we can use later. Well duh.

Sure. But what value does this custom property have?

... errr ... 1em?

Nope. The answer is: none. That’s why the code example doesn’t work.

When they are defined, custom properties do not have a value or a type. All that you ordered the browsers to do is to store a token in the variable --myFontSize.

This took me a while to wrap my head around, so let’s go a bit deeper. What is a token? Let’s briefly switch to JavaScript to explain.

let myVar = 10;

What’s the value of myVar in this line? I do not mean: what value is stored in the variable myVar, but: what value does the character sequence myVar have in that line of code? And what type?

Well, none. Duh. It’s not a variable or value, it’s just a token that the JavaScript engine interprets as “allow me to access and change a specific variable” whenever you type it.

CSS custom properties also hold such tokens. They do not have any intrinsic meaning. Instead, they acquire meaning when they are interpreted by the CSS engine in a certain context, just as the myVar token is in the JavaScript example.

So the CSS custom property contains the token 1em without any value, without any type, without any meaning — as yet.

You can use pretty any bunch of characters in a custom property definition. Browsers make no assumptions about their validity or usefulness because they don’t yet know what you want to do with the token. So this, too, is a perfectly fine CSS custom property:

--myEgoTrip: ppk;

Browsers shrug, create the custom property, and store the indicated token. The fact that ppk is invalid in all CSS contexts is irrelevant: we haven’t tried to use it yet.

It’s when you actually use the custom property that values and types are assigned. So let’s use it:

background-color: var(--myEgoTrip);

Now the CSS parser takes the tokens we defined earlier and replaces the custom property with them:

background-color: ppk;

And only NOW the tokens are read and intrepreted. In this case that results in an error: ppk is not a valid value for background-color. So the CSS declaration as a whole is invalid and nothing happens — well, technically it gets the unset value, but the net result is the same. The custom property itself is still perfectly valid, though.

The same happens in our original code example:

div.grandparent { /* font-size could be anything */ --myFontSize: 1em; /* just a token; no value, no meaning */ } div.parent { font-size: 0.4em; } div.child { font-size: var(--myFontSize); /* becomes */ font-size: 1em; /* hey, this is valid CSS! */ /* Right, you obviously want the font size to be the same as the parent's */ /* Sure thing, here you go */ }

In div.child he tokens are read and interpreted by the CSS parser. This results in a declaration font-size: 1em;. This is perfectly valid CSS, and the browsers duly note that the font size of this element should be 1em.

font-size: 1em is relative. To what? Well, to the parent’s font size, of course. Duh. That’s how CSS font-size works.

So now the font size of the child becomes the same as its parent’s, and browsers will proudly display the child element’s text in the same font size as the parent element’s while ignoring the grandparent.

This is not what we wanted to achieve, though. We want the grandparent’s font size. Custom properties — by themselves — don’t do what we want. We have to find another solution.

@property

Lea’s article explains that other solution. We have to use the Houdini @property rule.

@property --myFontSize { syntax: "<length>"; initial-value: 0; inherits: true; } div { border: 1px solid; padding: 1em; } div.grandparent { /* font-size could be anything */ --myFontSize: 1em; } div.parent { font-size: 0.4em; } div.child { font-size: var(--myFontSize); }

Now it works. Wut? Yep — though only in Chrome so far.

@property --myFontSize { syntax: ""; initial-value: 0; inherits: true; } section.example { max-width: 500px; } section.example div { border: 1px solid; padding: 1em; } div.grandparent { font-size: 23px; --myFontSize: 1em; } div.parent { font-size: 0.4em; } div.child { font-size: var(--myFontSize); } This is the grandparent This is the parent This is the child

What black magic is this?

Adding the @property rule changes the custom property --myFontSize from a bunch of tokens without meaning to an actual value. Moreover, this value is calculated in the context it is defined in — the grandfather — so that the 1em value now means 100% of the font size of the grandfather. When we use it in the child it still has this value, and therefore the child gets the same font size as the grandfather, which is exactly what we want to achieve.

(The variable uses a value from the context it’s defined in, and not the context it’s executed in. If, like me, you have a grounding in basic JavaScript you may hear “closures!” in the back of your mind. While they are not the same, and you shouldn’t take this apparent equivalency too far, this notion still helped me understand. Maybe it’ll help you as well.)

Unfortunately I do not quite understand what I’m doing here, though I can assure you the code snippet works in Chrome — and will likely work in the other browsers once they support @property.

Misson completed — just don’t ask me how.

Syntax

You have to get the definition right. You need all three lines in the @property rule. See also the specification and the MDN page.

@property --myFontSize { syntax: "<length>"; initial-value: 0; inherits: true; }

The syntax property tells browsers what kind of property it is and makes parsing it easier. Here is the list of possible values for syntax, and in 99% of the cases one of these values is what you need.

You could also create your own syntax, e.g. syntax: "ppk | <length>"

Now the ppk keyword and any sort of length is allowed as a value.

Note that percentages are not lengths — one of the many things I found out during the writing of this article. Still, they are so common that a special value for “length that may be a percentage or may be calculated using percentages” was created:

syntax: "<length-percentage>"

Finally, one special case you need to know about is this one:

syntax: "*"

MDN calls this a universal selector, but it isn’t, really. Instead, it means “I don’t know what syntax we’re going to use” and it tells browsers not to attempt to interpret the custom property. In our case that would be counterproductive: we definitely want the 1em to be interpreted. So our example doesn’t work with syntax: "*".

initial-value and inherits

An initial-value property is required for any syntax value that is not a *. Here that’s simple: just give it an initial value of 0 — or 16px, or any absolute value. The value doesn’t really matter since we’re going to overrule it anyway. Still, a relative value such as 1em is not allowed: browsers don’t know what the 1em would be relative to and reject it as an initial value.

Finally, inherits: true specifies that the custom property value can be inherited. We definitely want the computed 1em value to be inherited by the child — that’s the entire point of this experiment. So we carefully set this flag to true.

Other use cases

So far this article merely rehashed parts of Lea’s. Since I’m not in the habit of rehashing other people’s articles my original plan was to add at least one other use case. Alas, I failed, though Lea was kind enough to explain why each of my ideas fails.

Percentage of what?

Could we grandfather-inherit percentual margins and paddings? They are relative to the width of the parent of the element you define them on, and I was wondering if it might be useful to send the grandparent’s margin on to the child just like the font size. Something like this:

@property --myMargin { syntax: "<length-percentage>"; initial-value: 0; inherits: true; } div.grandparent { --myMargin: 25%; margin-left: var(--myMargin); } div.parent { font-size: 0.4em; } div.child { margin-left: var(--myMargin); /* should now be 25% of the width of the grandfather's parent */ /* but isn't */ }

Alas, this does not work. Browsers cannot resolve the 25% in the context of the grandparent, as they did with the 1em, because they don’t know what to do.

The most important trick for using percentages in CSS is to always ask yourself: “percentage of WHAT?”

That’s exactly what browsers do when they encounter this @property definition. 25% of what? The parent’s font size? Or the parent’s width? (This is the correct answer, but browsers have no way of knowing that.) Or maybe the width of the element itself, for use in background-position?

Since browsers cannot figure out what the percentage is relative to they do nothing: the custom property gets the initial value of 0 and the grandfather-inheritance fails.

Colours

Another idea I had was using this trick for the grandfather’s text colour. What if we store currentColor, which always has the value of the element’s text colour, and send it on to the grandchild? Something like this:

@property --myColor { syntax: "<color>"; initial-value: black; inherits: true; } div.grandparent { /* color unknown */ --myColor: currentColor; } div.parent { color: red; } div.child { color: var(--myColor); /* should now have the same color as the grandfather */ /* but doesn't */ }

Alas, this does not work either. When the @property blocks are evaluated, and 1em is calculated, currentColor specifically is not touched because it is used as an initial (default) value for some inherited SVG and CSS properties such as fill. Unfortunately I do not fully understand what’s going on, but Tab says this behaviour is necessary, so it is.

Pity, but such is life. Especially when you’re working with new CSS functionalities.

Conclusion

So I tried to find more possbilities for using Lea’s trick, but failed. Relative units are fairly sparse, especially when you leave percentages out of the equation. em and related units such as rem are the only ones, as far as I can see.

So we’re left with a very useful trick for font sizes. You should use it when you need it (bearing in mind that right now it’s only supported in Chromium-based browsers), but extending it to other declarations is not possible at the moment.

Many thanks to Lea Verou and Tab Atkins for reviewing and correcting an earlier draft of this article.

Let’s talk about money!

Let’s talk about how hard it is to pay small amounts online to people whose work you like and who could really use a bit of income. Let’s talk about how Coil aims to change that.

Taking a subscription to a website is moderately easy, but the person you want to pay must have enabled them. Besides, do you want to purchase a full subscription in order to read one or two articles per month?

Sending a one-time donation is pretty easy as well, but, again, the site owner must have enabled them. And even then it just gives them ad-hoc amounts that they cannot depend on.

Then there’s Patreon and Kickstarter and similar systems, but Patreon is essentially a subscription service while Kickstarter is essentially a one-time donation service, except that both keep part of the money you donate.

And then there’s ads ... Do we want small content creators to remain dependent on ads and thus support the entire ad ecosystem? I, personally, would like to get rid of them.

The problem today is that all non-ad-based systems require you to make conscious decisions to support someone — and even if you’re serious about supporting them you may forget to send in a monthly donation or to renew your subscription. It sort-of works, but the user experience can be improved rather dramatically.

That’s where Coil and the Web Monetization Standard come in.

Web Monetization

The idea behind Coil is that you pay for what you consume easily and automatically. It’s not a subscription - you only pay for what you consume. It’s not a one-time donation, either - you always pay when you consume.

Payments occur automatically when you visit a website that is also subscribed to Coil, and the amount you pay to a single site owner depends on the time you spend on the site. Coil does not retain any of your money, either — everything goes to the people you support.

In this series of four articles we’ll take a closer look at the architecture of the current Coil implementation, how to work with it right now, the proposed standard, and what’s going to happen in the future.

Overview

So how does Coil work right now?

Both the payer and the payee need a Coil account to send and receive money. The payee has to add a <meta> tag with a Coil payment pointer to all pages they want to monetize. The payer has to install the Coil extension in their browsers. You can see this extension as a polyfill. In the future web monetization will, I hope, be supported natively in all browsers.

Once that’s done the process works pretty much automatically. The extension searches for the <meta> tag on any site the user visits. If it finds one it starts a payment stream from payer to payee that continues for as long as the payer stays on the site.

The payee can use the JavaScript API to interact with the monetization stream. For instance, they can show extra content to paying users, or keep track of how much a user paid so far. Unfortunately these functionalities require JavaScript, and the hiding of content is fairly easy to work around. Thus it is not yet suited for serious business purposes, especially in web development circles.

This is one example of how the current system is still a bit rough around the edges. You’ll find more examples in the subsequent articles. Until the time browsers support the standard natively and you can determine your visitors’ monetization status server-side these rough bits will continue to exist. For the moment we will have to work with the system we have.

This article series will discuss all topics we touched on in more detail.

Start now!

For too long we have accepted free content as our birthright, without considering the needs of the people who create it. This becomes even more curious for articles and documentation that are absolutely vital to our work as web developers.

Take a look at this list of currently-monetized web developer sites. Chances are you’ll find a few people whose work you used in the past. Don’t they deserve your direct support?

Free content is not a right, it’s an entitlement. The sooner we internalize this, and start paying independent voices, the better for the web.

The only alternative is that all articles and documentation that we depend on will written by employees of large companies. And employees, no matter how well-meaning, will reflect the priorities and point of view of their employer in the long run.

So start now.

In order to support them you should invest a bit of time once and US$5 per month permanently. I mean, that’s not too much to ask, is it?

Continue

I wrote this article and its sequels for Coil, and yes, I’m getting paid. Still, I believe in what they are doing, so I won’t just spread marketing drivel. Initially it was unclear to me exactly how Coil works. So I did some digging, and the remaining parts of this series give a detailed description of how Coil actually works in practice.

For now the other three articles will only be available on dev.to. I just published part 2, which gives a high-level overview of how Coil works right now. Part 3 will describe the meta tag and the JavaScript API, and in part 4 we’ll take a look at the future, which includes a formal W3C standard. Those parts will be published next week and the week after that.